Immunizations

Many people believe that immunizations are for children and people traveling abroad. Although they are important for these groups, adults who were routinely vaccinated as children may still require boosters for certain immunizations. Some adults need vaccines they have never before received. Immunity is produced when your body is exposed to a weakened or killed virus or bacteria responsible for a particular disease. Once exposed, your body is able to recognize and produce antibodies quickly to fight off that type of infection in the future. Some vaccines give lifetime immunity, while others require periodic boosters. There is little debate about the effectiveness of immunizations. Most doctors agree that the benefits of routine immunizations outweigh the risks. To ensure immunizations are up to date, keep a record (see Preventive Examination and Immunization Record on pp. 436–437). If you think you may be due for a booster or need a new vaccination, talk with your doctor.

Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis

  The diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTaP) shot combines all three vaccines to protect against these life-threatening diseases. Most children should have five DTaP shots before they enter kindergarten. DTaP is a safer version of the older DTP shot. DTP is no longer used in the United States . DTaP is not given to children over the age of 7. Older children, teenagers, and adults need a booster shot called tetanus/ diphtheria (Td).

Tetanus/Diphtheria

The tetanus/diphtheria booster shot is recommended at 11 to 12 years of age and then every 10 years. If you have a cut or wound that is caused by a dirty object, your doctor may recommend you have a tetanus booster even though you are up to date on your shot.

Polio

Since becoming available in the 1950s, the polio vaccine has nearly wiped out polio. However, the vaccination continues to be important, so this crippling and fatal disease does not return. Children should get this vaccine in a series of four doses. The polio vaccine is given by injection in the United States.

Haemophilus Influenzae type B

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) is a dangerous bacterium that can cause meningitis, pneumonia, and infections in other parts of the body. The Hib vaccine protects almost all children who receive the full four doses. It is given by injection.

Measles, Mumps and Rubella

The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is given by injection in two doses. In most people, these two doses provide protection for life.

Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause inflammation of the liver (see Hepatitis B, p. 323). This vaccine is given by injection in three doses to children. The vaccine should also be offered to adults who are at risk and have not been previously immunized. Your doctor can tell you if you need this vaccine.

Chicken pox (Varicella)

The varicella vaccine is given to children between 12 and 18 months of age. It can be given to anyone at any age if they have not had chicken pox. This common childhood illness can be serious in young infants and adults. People aged 13 years and older who have not had chicken pox should receive two doses of the vaccine 4 to 8 weeks apart. It is especially important for a non-pregnant woman of childbearing age to be vaccinated, to reduce the risk of transmitting chicken pox to her fetus if she becomes pregnant.

Pneumococcal Conjugate

The pneumococcal conjugate (PCV7) vaccine offers protection from the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium, which can cause serious illness in children younger than age 2. It is given in four doses before 24 months of age.

Influenza Vaccine

The influenza (flu) vaccine is recommended for: • All adults 50 years and older • Anyone who has a chronic illness • Children aged 6 months to 5 years • Caregivers and families of people at risk The vaccine is updated every year because the viruses that cause influenza change from year to year. You need to get an influenza shot every year to be protected.

Pneumococcal (Polysaccharide)

Given by injection, the pneumococcal vaccine (polysaccharide) is recommended for all adults 65 years and older. It protects against 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria, and offers protection within 2 to 3 weeks in most healthy adults. A second dose may be required for people who are at high risk. The second dose should be given 5 or more years after the first one.